Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Lightly grease a casserole dish.
Heat a large skillet over medium-high heat. Cook and stir sausage in the hot skillet until browned and crumbly, 5 to 7 minutes. Drain and discard grease.
Add onion, bell pepper, and garlic to the sausage. Cook until onion is translucent, 8 to 10 minutes. Stir in cabbage and cook until slightly softened, about 5 minutes.
Transfer sausage mixture to the prepared casserole dish. Add tomato sauce, cooked rice, Worcestershire sauce, brown sugar, lemon juice, Cajun seasoning, pepper, and salt; stir to combine.
Bake in the preheated oven until cabbage is tender, about 30 minutes.