Turn on a multi-functional pressure cooker (such as Instant Pot®), add oil, and select Saute function. Add ground beef to the hot oil and saute until browned and crumbly, 5 to 7 minutes. Add celery, onion, bell peppers, and garlic; saute for 2 more minutes.
Add, in this order, taco seasoning mix, salt, pepper, black beans, diced tomatoes, tomato sauce, water, beef broth, and pasta. Close and lock the lid. Select high pressure according to manufacturer's instructions; set timer for 4 minutes. Allow 10 to 15 minutes for pressure to build.
Release pressure carefully using the quick-release method according to manufacturer's instructions, about 5 minutes. Unlock and remove the lid. Stir in Cheddar cheese and garnish with parsley.