Fill a large pot with lightly salted water and bring to a rolling boil. Cook fettuccine at a boil until tender yet firm to the bite, about 8 minutes.
Meanwhile, heat oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add onion, celery, and garlic and cook until soft, 3 to 5 minutes. Stir in chile peppers and cook for 5 minutes.
Add shrimp and cook until opaque, about 3 minutes. Stir in tomatoes and parsley and cook for 5 minutes. Season with lemon juice and sugar and cook for 5 minutes. Season with salt and pepper.